Synthèse globale des échanges
Réfléchir sur l’Economie et la fiscalité en une demi-journée n’est pas chose aisée, et il a fallu faire des choix pour se concentrer sur des éléments essentiels. Mais la réflexion initiée mérite de se poursuivre, avec les partenaires économiques, avec les syndicats, avec la population, tant ce sujet majeur nécessite que l’on y consacre une énergie essentielle.
Les constants ont été fait et partagés: une économie qui connait une crise économique qui a été doublée par la crise COVID, et d’une crise de confiance sur l’avenir politique du territoire. Pourtant la table ronde se veut optimiste: la Nouvelle-Calédonie a de nombreux atouts à mettre en avant, et si les défis sont nombreux, les potentialités existent tout autant.
Parmi les conclusions les plus évidentes de cette table ronde, de nombreuses urgences émergent, beaucoup réunies autour de deux concepts : STABILITE et SIMPLICATION.
Les participants ont donc collectivement travaillé sur des améliorations liées à la législation ou à la réglementation, en vue de simplifier, de rendre plus flexibles certaines contraintes; sur les compétences et formations sur territoire, amenant à l’employabilité, à l’insertion; sur les secteurs, les filières d’innovation, considérées comme un axe stratégique de développement du pays; sur l’impact des échéances politiques en terme de confiance et de stabilité; sur la fiscalité, enfin, et son nécessaire corollaire de réduction des dépenses publiques.
Retrouvez les autres tables rondes:
La table ronde ``Economie et Fiscalité`` en images
Dynamiser les filières existantes et les filières de demain
Législation et Réglementation: flexibilité et simplification
Les différents groupes ont émis le souhait de flexifier et simplifier les règles régissant l’économie et le monde du travail, et notamment en terme de multiplicité des interlocuteurs. La numérisation des démarches a été évoquée, avec en corollaire la nécessité de réduire la fracture numérique. Mais également en vue d’une simplification de type « Dites le moi une fois », ne nécessitant pas l’obligation de faire plusieurs démarches pour une seule et meme action. L’exemple de l’embauche de personnel a été donnée, notamment pour l’embauche de personne à la dernière minute nécessitant d’actionner un dispositif de la province Sud mais qui doit etre complété par une démarche de la CAFAT. La modernisation de cette dernière a d’ailleurs été longuement évoquée, avec le souhait de pouvoir, comme avec la DSF, payer ou déclarer en ligne complètement.
Le souhait de lois sur le travail plus flexibles a été remonté: sur la durée du travail, les horaires, l’emploi local, plus de souplesses sont demandées, pour coller aux réalités des organisations et des modes de vie locaux. Les lois existantes sont considérées calquées de la métropole mais peu adaptées au contexte local et/ou à la taille du territoire: exemple est donné du code des assurances.
Enfin, en période de crise, un souhait d’interventionnisme plus marqué est observé, avec la possibilité de forcer l’étalement des échéances fiscales mais aussi des crédits bancaires, avec une action plus volontariste et contrôlée des banques pour soutenir les acteurs économiques.
Compétences, employabilité, formation, insertion
Pour certains secteurs (notamment les secteurs nécessitant des compétences de haut niveau, mais pas seulement), il existe un déficit de compétences sur le territoire. La Nouvelle-Calédonie est aujourd’hui considérée comme peu attractive, chère, et souffre d’une mauvaise image, probablement liée aux occasions pour lesquelles les médias métropolitains évoquent le territoire. Les participants notent la nécessité d’anticiper sur les formations nécessaires si on veut arriver à développer de nouvelles filières et disposer de jeunes calédoniens compétents.
Notamment, il est évoqué la nécessité de trouver une meilleure adéquation entre les formations proposées et le tissu économique: tout comme le fait de suivre les jeunes diplômés à la sortie de leurs études pour mesurer notamment leur insertion et les accompagner dans leur recherche d’emploi, y compris depuis la métropole. L’incitation des jeunes à se lancer dans l’auto entrepreneuriat est également évoquée, avec la nécessité de réévaluer l’indexation des fonctionnaires pour réduire les écarts public/privé et que le secteur privé devienne aussi attractif que le secteur public.
Les filières professionnelles sont souhaitées mieux valorisées, et ne plus être réservées aux élèves en difficulté: ce doit être un choix à part entière pour rencontrer la pleine réalisation du potentiel des jeunes personnes.
Enfin, le travail doit pour les participants être moins taxé, et plus flexible; il conviendrait de développer une nouvelle vision du travail, en terme de durée, d’horaires, etc… qui puisse convenir aux nombreux cas de figures locaux.
Les participants finissent par noter le souhait d’une incitation à la première embauche, sous forme peut-être d’une éxonération d’impots, et notamment pour les auto-entrepreneurs qui hésitent à prendre un salarié.
Secteurs, filière d’innovation : Axe stratégique Pays
Les groupes de travail ont estimé que la pays avait de nombreux atouts pour se diversifier et innover, avec la nécessité toutefois de choisir les filières d’excellence et d’innovation et de se concentrer sur nos atouts à forte valeur ajoutée pour ne pas se disperser, particulièrement les ressources naturelles.
Ils notent la nécessité de disposer d’un certain nombre d’outils et de mécanismes pour accompagner ces filières innovantes: mieux valoriser et faire connaitre le pole innovation de l’ADECAL, et développer son périmètre d’action et ses moyens; mais aussi faciliter l’investissement des promoteurs privés, utiliser le « co-founding », et innover en matière de gouvernance du secteur avec de nouvelles méthode de gestion innovante à créer, de nouveaux modèles adaptés au territoire et à l’évolution du monde économique, avec des des ateliers de « fiction prospective » pour la recherche des prochaines filières d’innovation.
Ils notent comme filières d’avenir la recherche, les ressources naturelles (bioressources),la transition énergétique, l’économie bleue (halieutique), l’industrialisation, les biotechnologies, le yachting, le « tourisme médical », le luxe, le tourisme, le numérique. La filière d’un nickel « vert » ressort également, à corréler avec l’initiative européenne d’une exploitation des ressources de manière raisonnée et éco-responsable. La filière chanvre est également évoquée, avec une Nouvelle-Calédonie bien placée pour le développement de ce type de plante, ce qui est actuellement étudié par les iles Fidji très sérieusement.
Impacts politique: confiance, stabilité, économies
Pour se développer l’économie a besoin d’un cadre de confiance et stable. Les différents participants font acte d’une diminution de la confiance dans différents éléments politiques et institutionnels. Ils notent la nécessité absolue de démontrer de la stabilité et de la perspective d’un point de vue politique et fiscal. Ils plaident ainsi pour un nouveau cadre fiscal figé sur 10 ans, avec des objectifs de rationalisation et de réduction des dépenses publiques, et pour une stabilité institutionnelle à l’issue des discussions qui suivront le troisième référendum, notamment avec la fin du mille feuille institutionnel.
Ce nouveau cadre est vu comme devant être « intelligent », avec une taxe à assiette large mais faible comme TGC ou CCS, ce qui est vu comme la plus équitable : tout le monde participe, même les plus modestes, à hauteur de ses moyens. Il doit etre mis fin aux exonérations, ou tout au moins il faut les limiter au maximum. La taxe des transactions financières a été évoquée, tout comme la recherche de l’efficience entre la mise en place de niches et leur objectifs en terme de rendement.
Enfin, il est noté que l’économie ne peut se développer sans sécurité, et qu’il faut mettre en place des politiques de prévention sur le temps long, accompagnées d’une action sans faille dans l’immédiat des forces de l’ordre. La suppression de l’ADRAF a également été évoquée dans ce contexte.
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